Category Archives: Threelac

Threelac

Products to take on holiday

Here’s a compilation of some of the best products to take on holiday. This is not so much based not on our own prejudices, but our own customers recommendation of what products you might find useful to have with you when you travel.

 Oxy-Powder (for a healthy colon)  – “Oxy-Powder has made me feel so much better. I travel a lot and it helps tremendously with the dehydration that air travel seems to cauase, and makes my digestive system flow, reducing gut discomfort. Oxy-Powder does what it says on the tin, and is the perfect partner for my health.”

“I bring Oxy-Powder on holiday with me in case I get constipated after travelling. I just need to take a dose or two and everything is back on track. I’ve had enemas and colonics but for me Oxy-Powder does the same job only better. ”

“I have used Oxy-Powder for my liver and bowel cleanses, or when I have eaten something not very healthy and I just want it out of my system as soon as possible:) I always travel with it to give my digestive system a boost which it needs when I eat differently or less healthily.”

“Oxy-Powder has made me feel so much better. I travel a lot and it helps tremendously with the dehydration that air travel seems to cauase, and makes my digestive system flow, reducing gut discomfort. Oxy-Powder does what it says on the tin, and is the perfect partner for my health.”

 Colosan Powder (also for a healthy colon) – “I find Colosan very effective. When I travel I take it along with me as its my best friend. I also introduced my sister in law and graundaughter to it, and they also find it very effective. I usually take 1 teaspoon in apple juice. I do not use the lemon juice as recommended on the label, as I have high stomach acid already and am on medication to reduce it, but the colosan works even without the lemon juice.”

“I take Colosan every time I feel I a cold is coming and I believe that it helps me to stay away from colds. Also when I feel constipated – usually when travelling or eating bad food I take Colosan. It is amazing. I highly recommend Colosan. ”

“I love Colosan, it is the best product I have tried for colon health. I have been taking it for at least 10 years. When I first took colosan I did the big cleanse but I now take just 2 capsules per day. I have tried other similar products, but always come back to my good old faithful colosan! I find the capsules more convenient than powder, easy to take on holiday etc. Along with biokult, I find colosan the best way to keep me regular and bloat free”.

Oxygen Elements Max –  “I have prescribed this product to countless patients and it has been a permanent inclusion in my supplemental regime for many years. It has numerous uses and benefits and is always included in my travelling must haves. I can personally vouch for its efficacy in relieving mucous congestion, for its ability to disinfect wounds,fungal skin and nail infections and for assisting the liver to deal with excessive alcohol intake after a celebratory evening out! My athletic patients have reported less problems with lactic acid build up in muscles. This is one product I shall continue using and prescribing indefinitely.”

 OptiBac Probiotics Bifidobacterium & Fibre (Formerly For Maintaining Regularity) 30 sachets – I take a box of OptiBac on holiday with me – it helps maintain regularity when the stresses of travel/reduced levels of roughage in a ‘strange’diet tend to make me “bunged up”. I would highly recomment this. I regularly take oxygen products [OxyLift + Oxy-Powder], and feel I really benefit from them, but add OptiBac when I know I am likely to become constipated.”

 OptiBac Probiotics For travelling abroad “I have just completed a 2.5 week trip to Rajasthan, India, taking in Delhi and travelling across to Jaiselmer. The one thing that concerned me was getting ‘Delhi belly’ – I am 60 and didn’t want to have the trip spoilt by an upset tummy, even though I’d been told it was inevitable. I bought the OptiBac Traveller probiotics and took them before and during my trip. I didn’t have one upset and looking at fellow travellers who didn’t take anything, almost without  exception, they were ill. Would highly recommend and would definitely take this version again if travelling to a similar country.”

 Threelac or  Fivelac – “This product seems to have a miraculous effect on my (super sensitive) digestive system; I’m not sure if I actually have low-level Candida but the symptoms are similar. I usually take one sachet per day before a meal but sometimes increase it to 2 or even 3 times per day if I’m likely to be eating food that’s normally  a bit too rich for me to digest. I always plenty on holiday with me and have also found it can calm an upset stomach.”

“Threelac became a vital part of my life over two years ago, when I realised that candida control was essential in managing my Crohn’s disease. I introduced Fivelac for those times when I felt I needed something ‘extra’ – if for example I suffered an upset stomach while travelling, or felt that a Crohn’s attack was imminent. Suffice to say that since I started this regime, my Crohn’s has been pretty much completely under control for the first time in my adult life. Threelac and Fivelac are amazing products, and I simply wouldn’t be without either, ever again.”

 Citricidal (grapefruit seed extract, natural anti-bacterial) – “This is great stuff to take with you for travel to ensure you don’t come down with dreaded tummy upset due to parasites in unclean water/food.”

 

Now that we’ve made our recommendations as to what products to take on holiday, enjoy your travels, and keep well!

Mark G. Lester
Director – The Finchley Clinic Ltd

www.thefinchleyclinic.com

 

Candida, Threelac, Wild Endive Formula

The Candizolv Solution and More: Supplements To Combat Candida

Many of us are aware that we should take care of our bodies and maintain a sensible, balanced, healthy lifestyle so we don’t become obese and avoid the potential onset of type 2 diabetes. Yet far fewer of us are aware that doing those things are good for us because they also help to avoid an ‘overgrowth’ – or imbalance – of a particular kind of harmful yeast in our bodies, namely candida alcibans. If this micro-organism is allowed to run riot it can cause us all sorts of issues and ill-health – but, happily, it can be pretty easily treated, so long as you’re in the know!

Like it or not, candida alcibans is present in the bodies of billions of us humans; in fact, more than half of all of us on the planet – it can be found on the skin, in mucous membranes and in the gut (the intestinal system)1. That’s nothing to be afraid of in itself, however; so long as there’s a balance – especially in the gut – between ‘good bacteria’ (of which probiotics, a term you’ve no doubt heard of and may be familiar with) and ‘bad bacteria’ (candida, other yeasts and other potential micro-organisms), or a tipping of those levels in the good bacteria’s favour, then there no reason to worry. The trouble comes when those levels tip in the bad bacteria’s favour. Indeed, one such reason can be because of a suppressed (or weakened) immune system – possibly owing to an illness such as AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) or debilitating but necessary chemotherapy treatment – and don’t doubt it; the result can be candida going haywire and quickly spreading through your entire body2. Not pleasant.

And it’s an issue that’s only becoming more recognisable for people – estimates suggest that in the United States alone now, 25,000 people develop a candida imbalance each year. This is something worth worrying about – and undoubtedly necessary to address. Because, as noted, candida can be effectively nipped in the bud when it begins to thrive, yet only with the right treatment; increasingly so, it appears that the traditional methods are the wrong treatments (like many infections, the fungal-type’s becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics and other synthetically-produced drugs).

This means then that today, without the right treatment, up to 1.5 million people around the world could actually die from fungal infections like candida each year3 – a staggering thought, but entirely preventable thanks to naturally-derived candida-combating supplements, such as one of the latest available through The Finchley Clinic, Candizolv (more on that to come).

Candida overgrowth causes

As noted above, it’s important to try to avoid candida overgrowth before it takes hold (prevention’s always the best cure!); to that end such causes to be wary of include:

  • Alcohol – just as a poor, sugar-rich diet can contribute to microbial imbalance, so too can chronic alcohol consumption; far from everyone is likely to develop a candida overgrowth through this, of course, but owing to the levels of alcoholic indulgence in the UK, it’s certainly worthy of mention4
  • Antibiotics – while they’re far from effective at tackling fungal infections, antibiotics can actually help fuel them (in part, that’s precisely why they struggle to treat them); because, if they’re doing their job, antibiotics will kill all bacteria, inevitably upsetting the bacteria balance (or microbiome)
  • Compromised immunity – an effectively functioning immune system is crucial to help keep us fit and healthy; in order to fight all the infections that find their way into our bodies through the food and drink we consume and the air we breathe and, inevitably this goes for keeping candida in check too (note that your immunity can be compromised by many and various medical conditions and their medications5, 6, 7)
  • Diabetes – as mentioned at the outset, diabetes and candida imbalance can both occur simultaneously, thus the latter is common among sufferers of the former; specifically, high blood glucose levels (hyperglycaemia) challenges the immune system, thus diminishing the urine’s ability to carry away antibacterial content and impeding the digestive system as a whole8
  • Other health factors that may cause candida overgrowth are kidney failure (or haemodialysis treatment), organ transplantation or even possibly pregnancy.

Candida symptoms

So much for the causes, but how can you tell you may be suffering from candida imbalance? Well, if you experience a number of the following symptoms simultaneously, it’s well worth checking with a professional health practitioner, as the reason could be candida or fungal overgrowth:

  • Abdominal pain
  • Anal, penile or vaginal itching
  • Arthritis-like joint pains
  • Bloating, constipation and indigestion
  • Ever increasing food allergies (for instance, gluten or celiac problems)
  • Eyesight issues
  • Fatigue and exhaustion
  • Halitosis (bad breath)
  • Itching eyes
  • Loss of hair
  • Mucous drainage from ears
  • Oral thrush
  • Seemingly incurable weight gain (or weight loss)
  • Significant sinus drainage
  • Sweet food cravings
  • Skin rashes (i.e. eczema or atopic dermatitis; in skin folds or around the groin)
  • Struggling to focus and concentrate
  • Toe-nail fungi

Combating candida the natural way

So, with laboratory-produced medication proving increasingly ineffective in restoring balance to the microbiome and ceasing the spread of candida throughout the body, the natural alternative is to, yes, turn to natural solutions. Recent research suggests that the likes of lavender oil9 and garlic may prove beneficial in boosting immunity and combating candida, but just how effective they are is open to question; more research is necessary here. As is the case with the potentially promising antifungal properties of colloidal silver10.

What’s in far less doubt, though, given their efficacy has been proven via rigorous testing and customer feedback, are that naturally-derived products created specifically to tackle candida and restoring the microbiome to healthy levels are likely to prove a better bet. To that end, we recommend you take a look at the ‘Candida’ product section of our website, among which you’ll find these three excellent Candida supplements:

candizolv

Candizolv – a blend of chitinase, chitosanase and other yeast dissolving enzymes, this fat-soluble candida infection solution targets the body’s fat cells themselves; slowly releasing its anti-fungal properties over time, thus weakening all yeast cells effectively, no matter their location in the body.

threelac

 

Threelac – our best-selling probiotic, this supplement (along with its sister product Fivelac) is consistently highly reviewed by satisfied customers, aiming as it does to control digestion and stomach problems and crowd out harmful flora in the intestines.

wild-endive-formula

Wild Endive Formula – a botanical food supplement that goes together well with Candizolv as part of a candida-balancing regime, owing to the fact it may well help treat the effects of die-off reaction (the release of metabolic by-products following the destruction of candida cells).

References:

  1. ‘Tracking down pathogenic yeasts’. Fraunhofer. https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2010/09/biotechnica-2010.html. Sep 2010.
  2. Hickman M. A. et al. ‘The ‘obligate diploid’ Candida albicans forms mating-competent haploids’. Nature. Feb 2013; 494 (7435): 55
  3. O’Meara T. R. et al. ‘Global analysis of fungal morphology exposes mechanisms of host cell escape’. Nat Commun. Mar 2015; 6: 6741.
  4. Choi J., Lee C., Lim Y., Kang H., Lim C. and Choi J. S. ‘Prevalence and Risk Factors of Esophageal Candidiasis in Healthy Individuals: A Single Center Experience in Korea’. Yonsei Med J. Jan 2013; 54 (1): 160–165.
  5. Maksymiuk A. W., Thongprasert S., Hopfer R., Luna M., Fainstein V. and Bodey G. P. ‘Systemic candidiasis in cancer patients’. Am J Med. Oct 1984; 77 (4D): 20-7.
  6. Fichtenbaum C. and Aberg J. ‘Candidiasis and HIV’. HIV InSite. Knowledge Base Chapter. Feb 2006.
  7. ‘Medications that Weaken Your Immune System and Fungal Infections’. CDC. cdc.gov. Page last reviewed: Jan 2017.
  8. Casqueiro J., Casqueiro J. and Alves C. ‘Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis’. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. Mar 2012; 16 (Suppl1): S27–S36.
  9. Zuzarte, M. et al. ‘Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Lavandula viridis L’Hér’. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2011; 60, 612–618
  10. Groosh A. et al. ‘The prevalence of opportunistic pathogens associated with intraoral implants’. Lett Appl Microbiol. May 2011; 52 (5): 501-5.
Bio-Acidophilus Forte Plus, Optibac Probiotics for Babies & Children, Probiotics, Threelac

Brilliant probiotics: food and supplements full of beneficial gut bacteria

Don’t be deceived, not all bacteria’s the same; not all bacteria’s bad. Yes, bacteria gets a bad rap, but that’s the ‘bad’ bacteria, which definitely isn’t healthy when it’s consumed via food or fluids and gets into your digestive and other systems. The other kind of bacteria is the ‘good’ type, which is just the opposite – it possesses much sought-after health-giving properties; one of which is to balance out the amount of ‘bad’ bacteria in your intestines (and hopefully tip the balance in its favour).

One of the most commonly consumed forms of good bacteria is probiotics. A select number of live bacteria and yeast groups that have unquestioned health benefits, probiotics are especially prevalent in the digestive system – specifically the intestines (which is why, like their bad bacteria counterparts there, they’re referred to as ‘gut bacteria’). It’s here then where they’re healthy-do-gooding proves critical to the overall body and the wellbeing of its owner, given the fact that so many of our common-day chronic ailments actually kick-off in this part of the body. How they do is this is by stimulating the natural enzymes and processes in the gut to ensure the digestive organs keep working well; and in turn, nullifying the harmful effects of bad gut bacteria.

Probiotic Foods

So how exactly can you top up the health-enhancing live bacteria residing in your gut? Well, the ideal way is to pepper your diet with organic, probiotic-rich foods:

  •  Kefir – a fermented dairy product that features goat’s milk, along with kefir grains; it also offers Lactobacilli and bifidus bacteria, as well as terrifically health-enhancing antioxidants1
  •  Kimchi – you may never have heard of it, but the experts maintain that this Asian-cuisine pickled sauerkraut is one of the best sources for probiotics; offering a delicious spicy smack of a taste, it contains lashings of good bacteria, Vitamins B and C, beta-carotene, calcium, fibre, iron and potassium2
  •  Live-cultured yoghurt – often this kind of yoghurt made with nutrient- and protein-rich goat’s milk (especially if it’s infused with additional probiotics such as lactobacillus and acidophilus) is great for gut bacteria, not least as goat’s milk possesses lower allergenicity and tends to be easier to digest than cow’s milk3; try to avoid yoghurts that count additives among their ingredients, though
  •  Miso soup – a favourite of Japanese cuisine, this tasty concoction is derived from rice/ barley, beans and fermented rye; merely add a tablespoon of the stuff to hot water and you’ve a quick soup packed with bifidus bacteria and lactobacilli
  •  Pickled vegetables – a mainstay in Western food for centuries, the humbled pickled cucumber or onion (or practically any pickled vegetable, for that matter) offers a roster of probiotic potential5; they may take some time to prepare and be ready to eat, but if you like the taste they’re well worth the effort
  •  Sauerkraut – a German dish made from fermented cabbage, sauerkraut may not sound the most appetising, but initial impressions can be deceptive when it comes to foods and how they taste; it’s also resplendent in live cultures and Vitamins A, B, C and K
  •  Tempeh – great for vegetarians (for whom it can be a meat- of tofu-substitute), this fermented grain is derived from soybeans7 and contains lots of Vitamin B128; sauté, bake or add this low-salt foodstuff to salads.

Probiotic Supplements

Now, fair dos, should your palate be rather ‘Western’ when it comes to cuisine, then two or three of the probiotic-rich options above may not leave you salivating. How else to boost the good bacteria levels in your gut then? Well, there’s supplementation, of course – and, as ever, natural is the way to go here over synthetic supplements. The following – among many more (check the ‘Probiotics’ section on our website) – are all available via The Finchley Clinic:

ThreelacThreelac– comprises three separate forms of spore-forming lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus sporogenes, Bacillus subtilis and Streptococcus faecalis) to purge the intestinal tract of the parasitic Candida yeast and push out harmful dysbiotic microorganisms; similar to its sister product Fivelac.

 

Bio Acidophilus Forte 60 capsulesBio-Acidophilus Forte Plus – a high-strength probiotic product that contains 75 billion viable organisms per capsule, including acidophilus and bifidum in a base of fructo-oligosaccharides.

 

Optibac Probiotics EXTRA Strength 90 capsOptibac Probiotics For Every Day Extra Strength – offers 20 billion live micro-organisms per capsule, with five probiotic strains, including Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM; may well aid your digestion and immunity and boost your energy.

 

References:

1. Prado M. R. et al. ‘Milk Kefir: Composition, Microbial Cultures, Biological Activities, and Related Products’. Frontiers in Microbiology. 6: 1177. PMC. 30 Oct 2015.

2. Peacock J. ‘Kimchi, the Korean Superfood’. Eat Smart Move More. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 9 May 2014.

3. Damunupola D. A. P. R. et al. ‘Evaluation of Quality Characteristics of Goat Milk Yogurt Incorporated with Beetroot Juice’. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. vol. 4, no. 10. Oct. 2014.

34. Fujisawa T. et al. ‘Effect of Miso Soup Containing Natto on the Composition and Metabolic Activity of the Human Faecal Flora’. Microbial Ecology in Health & Disease, vol. 18, no. 2. 1 June 2006.

Colon cleansing, Digestive Enzyme, Fivelac, Threelac, Thyme Formula

Beating the Beastly Yeast: how to tackle Candida the natural way

If you live in the United States and, while watching, hearing or reading the news, you perk up whenever health issues are mentioned, you’ll surely be aware of the drug-resistant illness that in the last few weeks has infected more than 75 people in the US1. Affecting – and potentially damaging – the bloodstream, wounds and ears, it’s predicted (in the very worst case scenario) to cause organ failure, especially for the most ‘at risk’ category; among them diabetics, premature babies and those on paralysis or with weak immunity1.

That’s because it’s an outbreak of Candida auris, one of the broad family of Candida yeasts, many of which (should they get out of control when inside the human body and result in ‘Candida overgrowth’) can cause serious ongoing health issues. In fact, since 2013, outbreaks of Candida auris have been reported in 14 separate countries, including the UK – yes, it’s not just a nasty thing confined to the US, unfortunately1.

Candida – the beastly yeast?

Highlighting these recent infections of this particularly unpleasant Candida strain shows just how common it doing us ill actually is – in fact, so common is Candida that on occasions most people probably don’t realise it’s the cause for them feeling below par or very ill. A wide array of Candida species (the most common of which is probably Candida alcibans2, 3) can cause us real trouble if they’re allowed free roam in our bodies – potentially fungal infections like candidiasis, candidemia and oral flush4.

Yet the truth is that when the Candida levels in your body (most pertinently in the skin and the mucous membranes of the gut and vagina) are kept in check, thanks to a healthy immune system, Candida is very rarely a problem. Indeed, different strains of Candida are among the organisms that a new-born baby will acquire from their mother via birth or through breastfeeding or early food5 – moreover, one specific species, Candida cylindracea, supports effective digestion owing to the positive enzymatic properties and pH levels it possesses6.

Candida overgrowth – symptoms and causes

However, should Candida be allowed to run riot in parts of your body and multiply to the extent it results in overgrowth, perhaps the most immediate consequence is that it’ll imbalance and disrupt the body’s gut microbiota. This is when the balance of bacteria in the intestines tips hazardously in favour of ‘bad bacteria’ and harmful micro-organisms like Candida over ‘good bacteria’ and health-preserving probiotics.

As a result of this then, Candida overgrowth effects can regularly include gastrointestinal (and gastrointestinal-related) issues like abdominal pains, indigestion and excessive gas; irritability, tiredness and trouble concentrating; anxiety and mood swings; skin infections, eczema, psoriasis and acne; oral or vaginal thrush7 and promotion of leaky gut syndrome8. Moreover, overgrowth can see Candida-derived problems occur all over the body, thanks to the yeast potentially infecting the blood, genitals, skin and the throat and oesophagus9, 10.

But what about the causes? Well, some of the most common and guilty of Candida promoters are:

  • Weakened immunity – unfortunately, a large number of medical conditions and medications can weaken the immune system11, 12, 13
  • Antibiotics – attack all bacteria (‘good’ as well as ‘bad’), thus upsetting the gut microbiota balance and allowing Candida to thrive4
  • Diabetes – a hallmark of diabetes, high blood glucose (hyperglycaemia), inhibits the immune system and the digestive and urinary systems4, 14
  • Alcohol – chronic alcohol drinking can lead to the growth of certain Candida species
  • Other potential causes include kidney failure and haemodialysis treatment; organ transplantation; poor diet and pregnancy15, 16

Tackling Candida

Thankfully, should you suspect – and especially if you have it confirmed by a medical professional – that you’re suffering from Candida overgrowth, there’s certainly something you can do about it. Your best advised treatment is a natural remedy – and why not in the shape of easy-to-take and highly effective supplements? All three of the following and many more are available through The Finchley Clinic (indeed, check out the ‘Candida Cleansing’ section of our website for all the Candida supplements we sell)…

Threelac

Threelac – a probiotic that’s revered for managing candida and yeast infections, containing three forms of spore-forming lactic acid bacteria that work to purge your intestinal tract of parasites and dysbiotic microorganisms; also highly recommended is its sister product Fivelac.

Active-Digestive-Enzymes

Active Digestive Enzymes – actually designed to be taken in conjunction with Threelac and may help a Candida-focused cleanse by improving food absorption to reduce the amount of ‘food’ such parasites feed on in the tract.

thyme-formula

Thyme Formula and Thyme Formula A – botanical products specifically designed to help manage Candida overgrowth throughout the body.

 

References:

1. Whyte C. ‘Deadly, drug-resistant Candida yeast infection spreads in the US’. newscientist.com. https://www.newscientist.com/article/2125283-deadly-drug-resistant-candida-yeast-infection-spreads-in-the-us/. 20 March 2017.

2. Kim J. and Sudbery P. ‘Candida albicans, a major human fungal pathogen’. J Microbiol. April 2011; 49 (2): 171-7.

3. ‘Candidiasis’. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/. Last update: 6 Oct 2016.

4. ‘Candida infection of the skin’. Medline Plus. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000880.htm. Review date: 12 July 2014.

5. Jenkinson H. F. and Douglas L. J. ‘Chapter 18 Interactions between Candida Species and Bacteria in Mixed Infections. Polymicrobial Diseases’. Washington (DC): ASM Press. 2002.

6. Fieker A., Philpott J. and Armand M. ‘Enzyme replacement therapy for pancreatic insufficiency: present and future’. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2011; 4: 55–73.

7. Global Health Trax. ghthealth.com. 2016.

8. Schulz J. and Sonnenborn U. ‘Yeasts in the Gut: From Commensals to Infectious Agents’. Dtsch Arztebl Int. Dec 2009. 106 (51-52): 837–842.

9. ‘Yeast Infections’. Medline Plus. https://medlineplus.gov/yeastinfections.html.

10. Aubyn G. and Tagoe D. ‘Prevalence of vaginal infections and associated lifestyles of students in the University of Cape Coast, Ghana’. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. Aug 2013; 3(4): 267–270.

11. Maksymiuk A. W., Thongprasert S., Hopfer R., Luna M., Fainstein V. and Bodey G. P. ‘Systemic candidiasis in cancer patients’. Am J Med. Oct 1984; 77 (4D): 20-7.

12. Fichtenbaum C. and Aberg J. ‘Candidiasis and HIV’. HIV InSite. http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-00&doc=kb-05-02-03. Feb 2006.

13. ‘Medications that Weaken Your Immune System and Fungal Infections’. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/infections/immune-system.html. Last update: 25 Jan 2016.

14. Casqueiro J., Casqueiro J. and Alves C. ‘Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A review of pathogenesis’. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. Mar 2012; 16 (Suppl1): S27–S36.

15. ‘Invasive Candidiasis Risk & Prevention’. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/risk-prevention.html. Last update: 2 March 2016.